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Magnetic resonance imaging: the long path to the patient

4min
Philipp Grätzel von Grätz
Published on November 19, 2020

The development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an exciting story of innovation spanning four decades – if not several centuries – and two Nobel prizes. But the fact that MRI scanners are now used in patient care all over the world is also thanks to industrial research and development.

Where to start? Like many technological innovations, it’s impossible to pin down the precise birth of MRI. If you prefer to go way back, a good place to start is Napoleonic France, where Jean-Baptiste Fourier developed the mathematical process that bears his name: the Fourier transform. Even though Fourier naturally wasn’t familiar with atomic nuclei, electromagnets or even electrical current, his transform is used as the basis for calculating MRI images to this day.

A century later, another figure with a legitimate claim to having fathered MRI was the Serbian electrical engineer and inventor Nikola Tesla. Tesla was an all-round genius, filing around 300 patents in 20 countries as well as speaking at least eight languages fluently. In addition to many other discoveries, he described how magnetic fields arise and what properties they have. That brought him immortality: his last name is now used as a unit representing the strength of magnetic fields. Most of the modern MRI scanners in hospitals are 1.5-tesla units.

Nikola Tesla in his laboratory.

The most important basic research for the future development of MRI was probably done by the Swiss physicist Felix Bloch and his US peer Edward Purcell. They showed that atomic nuclei could absorb radio frequency waves if these were at the same frequency the nuclei were vibrating at. From that point, this phenomenon was known as magnetic resonance. Bloch and Purcell were awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize in physics for their discovery, made independently of each other.

The first wooden MR research laboratory, Erlangen, 1979.

In the two decades following the Nobel Physics Prize, magnetic resonance technology was used for spectroscopic purposes in materials science, with the radio waves reflected after magnetic “activation” of a material giving insights into the constituent components of the material under investigation. The only thing missing for the technology to be used in medical diagnostics was a way of assigning the signal spatially. The additional magnetic fields, so-called gradient fields, necessary to do this were introduced by US chemist Paul Lauterbur in 1973. From 1974 onward, British scientist Peter Mansfield, developed the mathematical methods, based on Fourier, enabling radio frequency signals to be converted into image signals. Thirty years later, in 2003, Lauterbur and Mansfield were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Raymond Damadian, who in the 1970s had made a substantial contribution to the establishment of MRI for living organisms and in 1977 produced the first image of the human body, was overlooked by the Nobel Committee.

In the early 1970s, MRI was a highly experimental procedure that as yet had nothing to do with medical care. That changed later in the decade as medical technology companies started to refine it into a usable diagnostic method. 

MR image of a bell pepper, 1980.

One of the global pioneers was Siemens in Erlangen, which remains one of the market and innovation leaders in this technology to this day. In 1978, a prototype Siemens MRI scanner produced the first image in Germany – of a bell pepper. In March 1980 Alexander Gassen, a physicist at Siemens, put himself in the tube for eight minutes for an image of his cranium. The first full-body scan followed later the same year.

In 1983, things got really exciting in terms of the clinical application of MRI, with several things happening at the same time. Schering AG filed a patent for the contrast agent Gadolinium-DTPA, which would become indispensable from the late 1980s on. 

Tesla magnet with Faraday cage, 1979.

In January 1983, Siemens also installed its first clinical MRI machine as a prototype at Hanover Medical School (MHH). More than 800 patients were subsequently scanned as part of clinical trials, lying on a patient bench made of wood. In August 1983, the world’s first commercial MRI machine – a Siemens MAGNETOM – went into operation at the Mallinckrodt Institute in St. Louis, Missouri. Germany’s first MAGNETOM was installed at the Armin Kühnert radiology practice in Dietzenbach. Over the next few years around 150 first-generation machines were rolled out, primarily in the United States and Japan. The magnetic fields used by these scanners started at 0.35 tesla before progressing to 0.5 tesla, and then all the way to 1.5 tesla. They looked like giant washing machines and required a huge amount of space: around 140 square meters for the 1.5-tesla version of the MAGNETOM.

Examination with the first MAGNETOM, 1983.

In the decade following the installation of these first machines, MRI technology became increasingly user-friendly. Thanks among other things to more effective shielding of the superconducting magnets, both the space and the number of helium refills required decreased, enabling many more facilities to install an MRI scanner. MRI also moved into other areas of application. An important milestone at the end of the 1980s was ECG gating, linking MRI measurements to an ECG taken during the scan. This made it possible to limit scanning of the heart to only a very specific phase of the cardiac cycle, eliminating the otherwise unavoidable blurring caused by the heart’s beating. It marked the start of MRI’s triumphant advance in cardiology.

Examination with the first MAGNETOM, 1983.
It’s lighter It’s lighter than air and allows balloons to take flight effortlessly.than air and allows balloons to take flight effortlessly. We’re talking about helium. This fascinating element also plays a vital role in magnetic resonance imaging.
A greener footprint in MRI

In the course of the 1990s and 2000s, medical technology manufacturers constantly refined MRI technology to the limits of what was technically possible. Performance continued to improve, all the way to the ultra-high field systems with magnetic fields of 7 tesla and more that were available from the turn of the millennium. There were also advances in coils: technologies such as the total imaging matrix enabled more comfortable and convenient – and above all quicker – full-body scans. At the same time it was also possible to enlarge the opening of the MRI scanner from a narrow 60 centimeters to 70 centimeters, much more pleasant for patients. Working procedures were also greatly optimized, and user-friendliness improved as many steps that had previously had to be set manually were automated.

The last big milestone in the history of the MRI was reached in 2010 when Siemens Healthineers presented a hybrid MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) scanner in a single unit. This innovation married the MRI’s millimeter-precise soft tissue anatomy capabilities with PET’s molecular imaging – opening up whole new perspectives, not least in oncology.


By Philipp Grätzel von Grätz

Philipp Grätzel von Grätz lives and works as a freelance medical journalist in Berlin. His specialties are digitalization, technology, and cardiovascular therapy.